Non-specific prognostic biomarkers of COVID-19
Pathway | Biomarkers |
---|---|
Hematological | Elevated WBC count |
Elevated neutrophil count | |
Decreased lymphocyte count | |
Elevated neutrophils-to-lymphocyte ratio | |
Elevated monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio | |
Elevated platelet volume | |
Elevated monocyte distribution width | |
Elevated red cell distribution width | |
Inflammation | Elevated serum amyloid A |
Elevated ESR | |
Elevated ferritin | |
Decreased sphingosine‐1‐phosphate | |
Elevated IL-2 | |
Elevated IL-8 | |
Elevated IL-10 | |
Coagulation | Elevated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products |
Necrosis | Elevated lactate dehydrogenase |
Cardiac injury | Elevated cTn |
Elevated NT-pro-BNP | |
Elevated D-dimer | |
Elevated homocysteine | |
Liver injury | Elevated ALT |
Elevated AST | |
Elevated gamma-GT | |
Elevated total bilirubin | |
Kidney injury | Elevated creatinine |
Elevated blood urea nitrogen | |
Proteinuria | |
Muscular injury | Elevated CK |
Elevated myoglobin | |
Organ failure | Elevated MR-pro-ADM |
Abbreviations: CK, creatine kinase; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; cTn, cardiac troponin; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; IL, interleukin; MR-pro-ADM, mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin; GT, glutamate transferase; NT-pro-BNP, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide; WBC, white blood cell.
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